|
Glossary: D
Data Quality Objectives (DQOs):
Qualitative and quantitative statements of the overall level of
uncertainty that a decision-maker will accept in results or decisions
based on environmental data. They provide the statistical framework for
planning and managing environmental data operations consistent with
user's needs.
DDT:
The first chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide chemical name:
Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. It has a half-life of 15 years and can
collect in fatty tissues of certain animals. USEPA banned registration and
interstate sale of DDT for virtually all but emergency uses in the United States
in 1972 because of its persistence in the environment and accumulation in the
food chain.
Dead End:
The end of a water main which is not connected to other parts of the
distribution system.
Deadmen:
Anchors drilled or cemented into the ground to provide additional reactive mass
for DP sampling rigs.
Decant:
To draw off the upper layer of liquid after the heaviest material (a solid or
another liquid) has settled.
Decay Products:
Degraded radioactive materials, often referred to as "daughters" or "progeny";
radon decay products of most concern from a public health standpoint are
polonium-214 and polonium-218.
Dechlorination:
Removal of chlorine from a substance.
Decomposition:
The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi, changing the chemical makeup and
physical appearance of materials.
Decontamination:
Removal of harmful substances such as noxious chemicals, harmful bacteria or
other organisms, or radioactive material from exposed individuals, rooms and
furnishings in buildings, or the exterior environment.
Deep-Well Injection:
Deposition of raw or treated, filtered hazardous waste by pumping it into deep
wells, where it is contained in the pores of permeable subsurface rock.
Deflocculating Agent:
A material added to a suspension to prevent settling.
Defluoridation:
The removal of excess fluoride in drinking water to prevent the staining of
teeth.
Defoliant:
An herbicide that removes leaves from trees and growing plants.
Degasification:
A water treatment that removes dissolved gases from the water.
Degree-Day:
A rough measure used to estimate the amount of heating required in a given area;
is defined as the difference between the mean daily temperature and 65 degrees
Fahrenheit. Degree-days are also calculated to estimate cooling requirements.
Delegated State:
A state (or other governmental entity such as a tribal government) that has
received authority to administer an environmental regulatory program in lieu of
a federal counterpart. As used in connection with NPDES, UIC, and PWS programs,
the term does not connote any transfer of federal authority to a state.
Delist:
Use of the petition process to have a facility's toxic designation rescinded.
Demand-side Waste Management:
Prices whereby consumers use purchasing decisions to communicate to product
manufacturers that they prefer environmentally sound products packaged with the
least amount of waste, made from recycled or recyclable materials, and
containing no hazardous substances.
Demineralization:
A treatment process that removes dissolved minerals from water.
Denitrification:
The biological reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria in
soil.
Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL):
Non-aqueous phase liquids such as chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents or petroleum
fractions with a specific gravity greater than 1.0 that sink through the water
column until they reach a confining layer. Because they are at the bottom of
aquifers instead of floating on the water table, typical monitoring wells do not
indicate their presence.
Density:
A measure of how heavy a specific volume of a solid, liquid, or gas is in
comparison to water, depending on the chemical.
Depletion Curve:
In hydraulics, a graphical representation of water depletion from storage-stream
channels, surface soil, and groundwater. A depletion curve can be drawn for base
flow, direct runoff, or total flow.
Depressurization:
A condition that occurs when the air pressure inside a structure is lower that
the air pressure outdoors. Depressurization can occur when household appliances
such as fireplaces or furnaces, that consume or exhaust house air, are not
supplied with enough makeup air. Radon may be drawn into a house more rapidly
under depressurized conditions.
Dermal Absorption/Penetration:
Process by which a chemical penetrates the skin and enters the body as an
internal dose.
Dermal Exposure:
Contact between a chemical and the skin.
Dermal Toxicity:
The ability of a pesticide or toxic chemical to poison people or animals by
contact with the skin. (See: contact pesticide.)
DES:
A synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol is used as a growth stimulant in food
animals. Residues in meat are thought to be carcinogenic.
Desalination:
[Desalinization] (1) Removing salts from ocean or brackish water by using
various technologies. (2) Removal of salts from soil by artificial means,
usually leaching.
Desiccant:
A chemical agent that absorbs moisture; some desiccants are capable of drying
out plants or insects, causing death.
Design Capacity:
The average daily flow that a treatment plant or other facility is designed to
accommodate.
Designated Pollutant:
An air pollutant which is neither a criteria nor hazardous pollutant, as
described in the Clean Air Act, but for which new source performance standards
exist. The Clean Air Act does require states to control these pollutants, which
include acid mist, total reduced sulfur (TRS), and fluorides.
Designated Uses:
Those water uses identified in state water quality standards that must be
achieved and maintained as required under the Clean Water Act. Uses can include
cold water fisheries, public water supply, and irrigation.
Designer Bugs:
Popular term for microbes developed through biotechnology that can degrade
specific toxic chemicals at their source in toxic waste dumps or in groundwater.
Destination Facility:
The facility to which regulated medical waste is shipped for treatment and
destruction, incineration, and/or disposal.
Destratification:
Vertical mixing within a lake or reservoir to totally or partially eliminate
separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life.
Destroyed Medical Waste:
Regulated medical waste that has been ruined, torn apart, or mutilated through
thermal treatment, melting, shredding, grinding, tearing, or breaking, so that
it is no longer generally recognized as medical waste, but has not yet been
treated (excludes compacted regulated medical waste).
Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE):
A percentage that represents the number of molecules of a compound removed or
destroyed in an incinerator relative to the number of molecules entering the
system (e.g. a DRE of 99.99 percent means that 9,999 molecules are destroyed for
every 10,000 that enter; 99.99 percent is known as "four nines." For some
pollutants, the RCRA removal requirement may be as stringent as "six nines").
Destruction Facility:
A facility that destroys regulated medical waste.
Desulfurization:
Removal of sulfur from fossil fuels to reduce pollution.
Detectable Leak Rate:
The smallest leak (from a storage tank), expressed in terms of gallons- or
liters-per-hour, that a test can reliably discern with a certain probability of
detection or false alarm.
Detection Criterion:
A predetermined rule to ascertain whether a tank is leaking or not. Most
volumetric tests use a threshold value as the detection criterion. (See:
volumetric tank tests.)
Detection Limit:
The lowest concentration of a chemical that can reliably be distinguished from a
zero concentration.
Detention Time:
1. The theoretical calculated time required for a small amount of water to pass
through a tank at a given rate of flow. 2. The actual time that a small amount
of water is in a settling basin, flocculating basin, or rapid-mix chamber. 3. In
storage reservoirs, the length of time water will be held before being used.
Detergent:
Synthetic washing agent that helps to remove dirt and oil. Some contain
compounds which kill useful bacteria and encourage algae growth when they are in
wastewater that reaches receiving waters.
Development Effects:
Adverse effects such as altered growth, structural abnormality, functional
deficiency, or death observed in a developing organism.
Dewater:
1. Remove or separate a portion of the water in a sludge or slurry to dry the
sludge so it can be handled and disposed of. 2. Remove or drain the water from a
tank or trench.
Diatomaceous Earth (Diatomite):
A chalk-like material (fossilized diatoms) used to filter out solid waste in
wastewater treatment plants; also used as an active ingredient in some powdered
pesticides.
Diazinon:
An insecticide. In 1986, USEPA banned its use on open areas such as sod farms
and golf courses because it posed a danger to migratory birds. The ban did not
apply to agricultural, home lawn or commercial establishment uses.
Dibenzofurans:
A group of organic compounds, some of which are toxic.
Diffused Air:
A type of aeration that forces oxygen into sewage by pumping air through
perforated pipes inside a holding tank.
Diffusion:
The movement of suspended or dissolved particles (or molecules) from a more
concentrated to a less concentrated area. The process tends to distribute the
particles or molecules more uniformly.
Digester:
In wastewater treatment, a closed tank; in solid-waste conversion, a unit in
which bacterial action is induced and accelerated in order to break down organic
matter and establish the proper carbon to nitrogen ratio.
Digestion:
The biochemical decomposition of organic matter, resulting in partial
gasification, liquefaction, and mineralization of pollutants.
Dike:
A low wall that can act as a barrier to prevent a spill from spreading.
Dilution Ratio:
The relationship between the volume of water in a stream and the volume of
incoming water. It affects the ability of the stream to assimilate waste.
Dimictic:
Lakes and reservoirs that freeze over and normally go through two
stratifications and two mixing cycles a year.
Dinoseb:
A herbicide that is also used as a fungicide and insecticide. It was banned by
USEPA in 1986 because it posed the risk of birth defects and sterility.
Dioxin:
Any of a family of compounds known chemically as dibenzo-p-dioxins. Concern
about them arises from their potential toxicity as contaminants in commercial
products. Tests on laboratory animals indicate that it is one of the more toxic
anthropogenic (man-made) compounds.
Direct Discharger:
A municipal or industrial facility which introduces pollution through a defined
conveyance or system such as outlet pipes; a point source.
Direct Filtration:
A method of treating water which consists of the addition of coagulant
chemicals, flash mixing, coagulation, minimal flocculation, and filtration.
Sedimentation is not uses.
Direct Push:
Technology used for performing subsurface investigations by driving, pushing,
and/or vibrating small-diameter hollow steel rods into the ground/ Also known as
direct drive, drive point, or push technology.
Direct Runoff:
Water that flows over the ground surface or through the ground directly into
streams, rivers, and lakes.
Discharge:
Flow of surface water in a stream or canal or the outflow of groundwater from a
flowing artesian well, ditch, or spring. Can also apply to discharge of liquid
effluent from a facility or to chemical emissions into the air through
designated venting mechanisms.
Disinfectant:
A chemical or physical process that kills pathogenic organisms in water, air, or
on surfaces. Chlorine is often used to disinfect sewage treatment effluent,
water supplies, wells, and swimming pools.
Disinfectant By-Product:
A compound formed by the reaction of a disinfectant such as chlorine with
organic material in the water supply; a chemical byproduct of the disinfection
process..
Disinfectant Time:
The time it takes water to move from the point of disinfectant application (or
the previous point of residual disinfectant measurement) to a point before or at
the point where the residual disinfectant is measured. In pipelines, the time is
calculated by dividing the internal volume of the pipe by he maximum hourly flow
rate; within mixing basins and storage reservoirs it is determined by tracer
studies of an equivalent demonstration.
Dispersant:
A chemical agent used to break up concentrations of organic material such as
spilled oil.
Displacement Savings:
Saving realized by displacing purchases of natural gas or electricity from a
local utility by using landfill gas for power and heat.
Disposables:
Consumer products, other items, and packaging used once or a few times and
discarded.
Disposal:
Final placement or destruction of toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus
or banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted soils; and drums containing
hazardous materials from removal actions or accidental releases. Disposal may be
accomplished through use of approved secure landfills, surface impoundments,
land farming, deep-well injection, ocean dumping, or incineration.
Disposal Facilities:
Repositories for solid waste, including landfills and combustors intended for
permanent containment or destruction of waste materials. Excludes transfer
stations and composting facilities.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO):
The oxygen freely available in water, vital to fish and other aquatic life and
for the prevention of odors. DO levels are considered a most important indicator
of a water body's ability to support desirable aquatic life. Secondary and
advanced waste treatment are generally designed to ensure adequate DO in
waste-receiving waters.
Dissolved Solids:
Disintegrated organic and inorganic material in water. Excessive amounts make
water unfit to drink or use in industrial processes.
Distillation:
The act of purifying liquids through boiling, so that the steam or gaseous
vapors condense to a pure liquid. Pollutants and contaminants may remain in a
concentrated residue.
Disturbance:
Any event or series of events that disrupt ecosystem, community, or population
structure and alters the physical environment.
Diversion:
1. Use of part of a stream flow as water supply. 2. A channel with a supporting
ridge on the lower side constructed across a slope to divert water at a
non-erosive velocity to sites where it can be used and disposed of.
DNA Hybridization:
Use of a segment of DNA, called a DNA probe, to identify its complementary DNA;
used to detect specific genes.
Dobson Unit (DU):
Units of ozone level measurement. measurement of ozone levels. If, for example,
100 DU of ozone were brought to the earth's surface they would form a layer one
millimeter thick. Ozone levels vary geographically, even in the absence of ozone
depletion.
Domestic Application:
Pesticide application in and around houses, office buildings, motels, and other
living or working areas.(See: residential use.)
Dosage/Dose:
1. The actual quantity of a chemical administered to an organism or to which it
is exposed. 2. The amount of a substance that reaches a specific tissue (e.g.
the liver). 3. The amount of a substance available for interaction with
metabolic processes after crossing the outer boundary of an organism. (See:
absorbed dose, administered dose, applied dose, potential dose.)
Dose Equivalent:
The product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation and such factors as
account for biological differences due to the type of radiation and its
distribution in the body in the body.
Dose Rate:
In exposure assessment, dose per time unit (e.g. mg/day), sometimes also called
dosage.
Dose Response:
Shifts in toxicological responses of an individual (such as alterations in
severity) or populations (such as alterations in incidence) that are related to
changes in the dose of any given substance.
Dose Response Curve:
Graphical representation of the relationship between the dose of a stressor and
the biological response thereto.
Dose-Response Assessment:
1. Estimating the potency of a chemical. 2. In exposure assessment, the process
of determining the relationship between the dose of a stressor and a specific
biological response. 3. Evaluating the quantitative relationship between dose
and toxicological responses.
Dose-Response Relationship:
The quantitative relationship between the amount of exposure to a substance and
the extent of toxic injury or disease produced.
Dosimeter:
An instrument to measure dosage; many so-called dosimeters actually measure
exposure rather than dosage. Dosimetry is the process or technology of measuring
and/or estimating dosage.
DOT Reportable Quantity:
The quantity of a substance specified in a U.S. Department of Transportation
regulation that triggers labeling, packaging and other requirements related to
shipping such substances.
Downgradient:
The direction that groundwater flows; similar to "downstream" for surface water.
Downstream Processors:
Industries dependent on crop production (e.g. canneries and food processors).
DP Hole:
Hole in the ground made with DP equipment. (See: direct push.)
Draft:
1. The act of drawing or removing water from a tank or reservoir. 2. The water
which is drawn or removed.
Draft Permit:
A preliminary permit drafted and published by a regulatory agency; subject to
public review and comment before final action on the application.
Drainage:
Improving the productivity of agricultural land by removing excess water from
the soil by such means as ditches or subsurface drainage tiles.
Drainage Basin:
The area of land that drains water, sediment, and dissolved materials to a
common outlet at some point along a stream channel.
Drainage Well:
A well drilled to carry excess water off agricultural fields. Because they act
as a funnel from the surface to the groundwater below. Drainage wells can
contribute to groundwater pollution.
Drawdown:
1. The drop in the water table or level of water in the ground when water is
being pumped from a well. 2. The amount of water used from a tank or reservoir.
3. The drop in the water level of a tank or reservoir.
Dredging:
Removal of mud from the bottom of water bodies. This can disturb the ecosystem
and causes silting that kills aquatic life. Dredging of contaminated muds can
expose biota to heavy metals and other toxics. Dredging activities may be
subject to regulation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
Drilling Fluid:
Fluid used to lubricate the bit and convey drill cuttings to the surface with
rotary drilling equipment. Usually composed of bentonite slurry or muddy water.
Can become contaminated, leading to cross contamination, and may require special
disposal. Not used with DP methods
Drinking Water Equivalent Level:
Protective level of exposure related to potentially non-carcinogenic effects of
chemicals that are also known to cause cancer.
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund:
The Fund provides capitalization grants to states to develop drinking water
revolving loan funds to help finance system infrastructure improvements, assure
source-water protection, enhance operation and management of drinking-water
systems, and otherwise promote local water-system compliance and protection of
public health.
Drive Casing:
Heavy duty steel casing driven along with the sampling tool in cased DP systems.
Keeps the hole open between sampling runs and is not removed until last sample
has been collected.
Drive Point Profiler:
An exposed groundwater DP system used to collect multiple depth-discrete
groundwater samples. Ports in the tip of the probe connect to an internal
stainless steel or Teflon tube that extends to the surface. Samples are
collected via suction or airlift methods. Deionized water is pumped down through
the ports to prevent plugging while driving the tool to the next sampling depth.
Drop-off:
Recyclable materials collection method in which individuals bring them to a
designated collection site.
Dual-Phase Extraction:
Active withdrawal of both liquid and gas phases from a well usually involving
the use of a vacuum pump.
Dump:
A site used to dispose of solid waste without environmental controls.
Duplicate:
A second aliquot or sample that is treated the same as the original sample in
order to determine the precision of the analytical method. (See: aliquot.)
Dustfall Jar:
An open container used to collect large particles from the air for measurement
and analysis.
Dynamometer.
A device used to place a load on an engine and measure its performance.
Dystrophic Lakes:
Acidic, shallow bodies of water that contain much humus and/or other organic
matter; contain many plants but few fish.
Next Back |
